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22 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

In September 2012, provided the following explanation of its changing Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature to individual customers on their Y-DNA results pages note that the haplogroup mentioned below relates to a specific individual : Long time customers of Family Tree DNA have seen the YCC-tree of Homo Sapiens evolve over the past several years as new SNPs have been discovered.

Several recent studies using autosomal DNA markers however have not detected significant population structure among west African populations , ,.

2006 E-cadherin polymorphisms and haplotypes influence risk for prostate cancer.

Long JC 1991 The genetic structure of admixed populations.

Peng MS, He JD, Fan L, Liu J, Adeola AC, Wu SF, et al.

A terminal SNP determines the terminal final subbranch on the Y-DNA Tree to which someone belongs.

Blood was collected from unrelated men of west African descent enrolled in genetic studies from 1999—2002.

It seems to represent the main Y-Chromosome haplogroup of the paleolithic inhabitants of the Indian Subcontinent.

Although the exact number is unknown and highly contested, it is estimated by some historians that between 8 to 12 million Africans were brought to the Americas in the transatlantic slave trade.